Postoperative anesthetic complications are not uncommon. Nonetheless, surgical procedures induce specific anatomical and physiological changes. Managing patients undergoing surgery remains complex across various phases of hospital care. Anesthesiologists frequently administer up to half a million doses during their careers, and morbidity and mortality linked to improper dosing and administration postoperatively are frequent concerns. The likelihood of errors is unpredictable and can lead to serious consequences. This review aims to assist anesthesiologists in adopting updated clinical skills to better assess and manage anesthetic complications. The purpose of this literature review is to explore and discuss the main categories of adverse complications and mortality rates following anesthetic administration. The information was gathered through electronic searches, including Google Scholar and PubMed. Anesthesiologists need to classify complications systematically to outline anesthetic risks clearly. Doing so will improve outcomes for vulnerable patients and enable faster, more accurate interventions.
Snakebite envenoming remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality and morbidity rates persisting despite decades of medical attention. Each year, millions are affected by venomous snakebites, often resulting in death or severe disability. Snake venoms exhibit diverse bioactivities, including hemorrhagic, inflammatory, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic effects, mainly due to complex mixtures of toxin-rich proteins. Although considerable research has been undertaken, the majority of venom components remain uncharacterized. Recent advancements in proteomics and bioinformatics have enabled more detailed exploration of venom profiles, facilitating the identification and functional prediction of novel toxins. Computational approaches now enable modeling of toxin-target interactions, aiding understanding of venom mechanisms. This review also explores the emerging role of medicinal plants in snakebite treatment, alongside conventional antivenoms. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need to improve access to safe, affordable, and effective antivenoms in low-income tropical regions and to promote their appropriate clinical use.
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