Snakebite envenoming remains a significant global health challenge, with high mortality and morbidity rates persisting despite decades of medical attention. Each year, millions are affected by venomous snakebites, often resulting in death or severe disability. Snake venoms exhibit diverse bioactivities, including hemorrhagic, inflammatory, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic effects, mainly due to complex mixtures of toxin-rich proteins. Although considerable research has been undertaken, the majority of venom components remain uncharacterized. Recent advancements in proteomics and bioinformatics have enabled more detailed exploration of venom profiles, facilitating the identification and functional prediction of novel toxins. Computational approaches now enable modeling of toxin-target interactions, aiding understanding of venom mechanisms. This review also explores the emerging role of medicinal plants in snakebite treatment, alongside conventional antivenoms. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need to improve access to safe, affordable, and effective antivenoms in low-income tropical regions and to promote their appropriate clinical use.
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